▪️Arthritis – joints

▪️Asthma – bronchial muscles

▪️Cataract – Eyes

▪️Diabetes – Pancreas

▪️Diphtheria – Throat

▪️Eczema – Skin

▪️Glaucoma – Eyes

▪️Goiter – Thyroid gland

▪️Jaundice – liver

▪️Leukemia – blood

▪️Malaria – Spleen

▪️Meningitis – Brain and Spinal Cord

▪️Otitis – Ear

▪️Paralysis – nerves

▪️Pneumonia – lungs

▪️Polio – nervous system

▪️Pyorrhea – teeth and gums

▪️Rheumatism – In pairs

▪️Sinusitis – inflammation of the sinus lining

▪️Tonsillitis – Tonsil

▪️Trachoma – eye

▪️Tuberculosis – Lung

▪️Typhoid – intestine

  SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

Any male with an ulcer on the penis, scrotum or rectum with or without inguinal adenopathy. OR
Any female with ulcer on labia, vagina or rectum with or without inguinal adenopathy.

Is a group of infectious or contagious diseases that is transmission by sexual contact.

      SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Painful urination , Pus discharge from sex organs, Painful in sexual, Inflammation of sex organs, Soreness and itching of genitals, Swollen glands and sore throat.

       CAUSATIVE AGENT

Neisseria ggonorrheoa ( Bacteria) .
Hemophilus dducrey. ( Bacteria ).
Trichomoniasis vvaginalis ( Protozoa) .

      INCUBATION PERIOD

1–5 days, 4–18 days, and 8–14 days.

       TRANSMISSION

Sexual contact either genitally ( Genital to Genital ), OR
Orally ( Oro-genital ), OR
Anally ( Ano -genital ). OR Indirect

      PREVENTION AND CONTROL

1. Use of condoms
2. Treatment of infected person
3. Health education on sex

The needs for community health practitioners to upgrade the community health professions is from the board and I believed that with the aids of this platform and other notable platform this message will get to the appropriate quarter to address the challenges facing community health practitioners in the medical field.

As we all know that Community health practitioners is a Specially trained profession to provide Preventive, Promotive, Curative and Rehabilitative health services to people where they live and work. The question we should ask ourselves is that are we Truly Specially trained? and I think the challenges Start from mode of admission of the Schools of health.

For instance, if you don’t have enough money there is no how you can get admission, everywhere is full of corruption, Entrance exam has turned to business, brilliant Students has been decline from admission and and admission is given to those that has leg and those that can bribe. You can imagine that A 50years woman that want to upgrade herself in the government setting will not choose any other course to study than Community health and they definitely get it because of their money. All this this has been affecting our profession because those that have time to read will not be admitted and I guess this can not happen in Nursing.

Nurses Claimed that community health are their assistant and some of the community health practitioners also believed that they are Nurses assistant forgetting that both the cadre hold the same qualification. For instance, if a Nurse Study General Nursing without Midwifery you both have the same diploma except for those that have B.sc in Nursing and B.sc in community health. But the major problems is that the way the community health are been giving admission and the way they have been trained. It is the duty of the board to make sure that the community health practitioners are the best in terms of proper monitoring of the schools of health to make sure that they provide outstanding students.

The 2021 National exam made it clear that students focus on the examination malpractice and that is the reason why there is mass failure. I have make my research for the progress of this profession and I came into the conclusion that for this profession to move forward and to also provide outstanding Students….

1) The Community health practitioners board of Nigeria Should with held Approval of Some schools of health Studying Community health and this should be done to reduce the Number of Schools Offering Community Courses.

2) There Should be not more than 1 Private School that will be Approved to Study Community health Courses in each State after the State School of health.

3) Limiting age of Students to study community health courses should be giving by the board and will enable the Schools to admit young people rather than Older people.

4) Community health Practitioners should also be allow to carry out their SIWES in a Secondary health Care, Standard Private Hospital rather than limiting them only to health Centre and this will make them to meet up in medical line after their program because many of them get a job in a private hospital.

5) Distribution of power should be equal rather than tribalism, for instance, South west has been given 75 Students for indexing every year for the senior chew and 50 Students for the jchew, while North Often Index more 200,250,300 and above each year this is totally affect our profession because will produce large quantity of students without outstanding.

6) During National Exam, every invigilator should received adequate compensation from the board and the board should also make sure that those invigilator received proper training to stop Examination malpractice anyone being caught should face the penalty.

7) Only Community health practitioners should be allow to operate in a primary health care and this will allow them to use their Standing Orders.

8) By now, Community health practitioners supposed to have area of Specialty to allow the profession meet up with the other medical profession.

9) CHO should have their own Advance Standing Orders and the Board should also upgrade the profession to level of Doctorate.

Thanks you for reading.

Coronaviruses are zoonotic viruses (viruses that affect animals but can be transmitted to humans). When transmitted to humans, they can lead to illness ranging from mild cold symptoms to severe illness.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by an emerging strain of coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) that had not been previously identified in humans.

( 31 December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) was notified of an outbreak of respiratory illness of unknown cause in Wuhan, China.

On 7 January 2020, the causative agent was identified to be a novel coronavirus, SARS CoV-2. Following rapid spread of the virus to other countries, the Director-General of WHO declared the outbreak a public health emergency of International concern, and, on I l March 2020, the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID 19) rev eived the status of a pandemic (an epidemic of global scale).

“Corona” means
“crown” in Italian. The virus is named corona because it looks like a crown under electron microscopy

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Fever, Myalgia, Sore throat, Cough,
Malaise, Difficulty in breathing

COVID-19 Suspected case:
Any person (including severely ill clients) presenting with fever, cough or difficulty in
breathing AND who within 14 days before the onset of illness had any of the tollowing
exposures:

1. History of travel to and more than 24 hours transit through any high-risk country or
   state with widespread community transmission of COVID-19
2. Close contact with a confirmed or probable case of COVID-19 OR
3. Exposure to a healthcare facility where COVID-19 case(s) have been reported

COVID-19 Probable case: Any suspect case:

1. For whom testing for COVID-19 shows Indeterminate (inconclusive) results OR
2. For whom testing was positive on a pan-coronavirus assay OR
3. Who dies before samples can be collected from him /her

COVID-19 Confirmed case: Any person with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19
infection with or without signs and symptoms

    Any person with fever and maculopopular rashes PLUS one of the following sings:

   1. Conjunctivitis ( Redness of the eyes
   2. Coryza ( Runny nose )
   3. Cough

       Is an acute viral communicable diseases caused by measles virus / robeola.

         SIGNS.  AND.     SYMPTOMS
   Fever, rashes, conjunctivitis, coryza, cough, headache, malaise, otitis media, inflammation of the respiratory track, dehydration.

                     TRANSMISSION
   Droplets OR Contact of an infected person.

            CAUSATIVE.  AGENT
    Measles virus ( Rubeola virus)

           INCUBATION PERIOD
  7—18 days OR 16—18 days but usually 10 days

                 RESERVOIR
               Man ( Human)

         PREVENTION AND CONTROL
1. Immunization with measles vaccine
2. Isolation
3. Treatment of an infected person
4. Environmental and personal hygiene
5. Health education.

Any child less than 15yrs of age with sudden onset of weakness or floppiness of the limbs regardless of the cause / within two weaks.

Any person of any age with paralytic illness in whom a clinician suspects poliomyelitis.

Is an acute viral infection resulting in flaccid paralysis ( infantile paralysis ).

 It is a crumpling diseases that affect the limbs.

 WHAT IS POLIOVIRUS

Polioviruses are human RNA intestinal viruses that cause polio disease. There are 3 serotypes of polioviruses with slightly different capsid proteins (type 1, 2 and 3). Polioviruses are resistant to inactivation by many common detergents and disinfectants, including soaps, but the viruses are rapidly inactivated by exposure to ultraviolet light. The viral infectivity is stable for months at +4 oc and for days at +30 0C.

        SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Stiffness of the neck and back with without paralysis, fever, headache, malaise, gastro-intestinal disturbance.

                  TRANSMISSION
   Is transmitted through feaco-oral route ( food and water contaminated ).

              CAUSATIVE AGENT
   Polio virus Type 1, 2 and 3.

             INCUBATION PERIOD

3–21 days OR 7–12 days but usually 10 days.

            RESERVOIR
   Man ( Human ).

            PREVENTION AND CONTROL

1. Immunization with polio vaccine
2. Isolation
3. Treatment of an infected person
4. Avoidance of overcrowding
5. Standard of personal and environmental hygiene
6. Health education

Vitamin A
Chemical Name: Retinol
Deficiency disease: night blindness
Source : Carrot, 🥛 Milk, 🥚 Egg, 🍓 Fruit.

Vitamin – B1
Chemical Name: Thiamine
Deficiency disease: Beri-beri
Source : Peanuts, Potatoes, Vegetables

Vitamin – B2
Chemical Name: Riboflabin
Deficiency diseases: skin eruptions, eye disease
Source : Egg, Milk, Green vegetables

Vitamin – B3
Chemical Name: Pantothenic Acid
Deficiency diseases: burning in feet, white hair
Source : Meat🍗,🥛 Milk, Tomato, Peanut

Vitamin- B5
Chemical Name: Nicotinamide (Niacin)
Deficiency disease: Menstrual disorder (pellagra)
Sources: meat🍖, peanuts, potatoes
.
*
.
Vitamin- B6
Chemical Name: Pyridoxine
Deficiency diseases: anemia, skin diseases
Source : milk, 🍗meat, vegetables

Vitamin – H / B7
Chemical Name: Biotin
Deficiency diseases: hair fall, skin diseases
Source : Yeast, Wheat, Egg

Vitamin – B12
Chemical Name: Cyanocobalamin
Deficiency diseases: Anemia, Pandu disease
Source : Meat, Jelly, Milk

Vitamin-C
Chemical Name: Ascorbic Acid
Deficiency diseases: scurvy, gingivitis
Source : Amla, Lemon, Orange, Orange

Vitamin – D
Chemical Name: Calciferol
Deficiency disease: Rickets
Sources: ☀ Sunlight, Milk, Eggs.

Vitamin – E
Chemical Name: Tocopherol
Deficiency disease: low fertility
Source: Green Vegetable,Butter,Milk🥛

Vitamin-K
Chemical Name: Phyloquinone
Deficiency disease: lack of blood clotting
Source: Tomato, Green Vegetables, Milk

DEFINITION
Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a sexually transmitted bacterium that can infect both males and females. Gonorrhea most often affects the urethra, rectum or throat. In females, gonorrhea can also infect the cervix.

Gonorrhea is most commonly spread during sex. But babies can be infected during childbirth if their mothers are infected. In babies, gonorrhea most commonly affects the eyes.

Gonorrhea is a common infection that, in many cases, causes no symptoms. You may not even know that you’re infected. Abstaining from sex, using a condom if you do have sex and being in a mutually monogamous relationship are the best ways to prevent sexually transmitted infections.

SYMPTOMS
In many cases, gonorrhea infection causes no symptoms. When symptoms do appear, gonorrhea infection can affect multiple sites in your body, but it commonly appears in the genital tract.

Gonorrhea affecting the genital tract
Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea infection in men include:

Painful urination
Pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis
Pain or swelling in one testicle
Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea infection in women include:

Increased vaginal discharge
Painful urination
Vaginal bleeding between periods, such as after vaginal intercourse
Abdominal pain
Pelvic pain
Gonorrhea at other sites in the body
Gonorrhea can also affect these parts of the body:

Rectum. Signs and symptoms include anal itching, pus-like discharge from the rectum, spots of bright red blood on toilet tissue and having to strain during bowel movements.
Eyes. Gonorrhea that affects your eyes may cause eye pain, sensitivity to light, and pus-like discharge from one or both eyes.
Throat. Signs and symptoms of a throat infection may include a sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.
Joints. If one or more joints become infected by bacteria (septic arthritis), the affected joints may be warm, red, swollen and extremely painful, especially when you move an affected joint.
When to see your doctor
Make an appointment with your doctor if you notice any troubling signs or symptoms, such as a burning sensation when you urinate or a pus-like discharge from your penis, vagina or rectum.

Also make an appointment with your doctor if your partner has been diagnosed with gonorrhea. You may not experience signs or symptoms that prompt you to seek medical attention. But without treatment, you can reinfect your partner even after he or she has been treated for gonorrhea.

CAUSES
Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The gonorrhea bacteria are most often passed from one person to another during sexual contact, including oral, anal or vaginal intercourse.

RISK FACTORS
Factors that may increase your risk of gonorrhea infection include:

Younger age
A new sex partner
Multiple sex partners
Previous gonorrhea diagnosis
Having other sexually transmitted infections
COMPLICATIONS
Untreated gonorrhea can lead to significant complications, such as:

Infertility in women. Untreated gonorrhea can spread into the uterus and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which may result in scarring of the tubes, greater risk of pregnancy complications and infertility. PID is a serious infection that requires immediate treatment.
Infertility in men. Men with untreated gonorrhea can experience epididymitis — inflammation of a small, coiled tube in the rear portion of the testicles where the sperm ducts are located (epididymis). Epididymitis is treatable, but if left untreated, it may lead to infertility.
Infection that spreads to the joints and other areas of your body. The bacterium that causes gonorrhea can spread through the bloodstream and infect other parts of your body, including your joints. Fever, rash, skin sores, joint pain, swelling and stiffness are possible results.
Increased risk of HIV/AIDS. Having gonorrhea makes you more susceptible to infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that leads to AIDS. People who have both gonorrhea and HIV are able to pass both diseases more readily to their partners.
Complications in babies. Babies who contract gonorrhea from their mothers during birth can develop blindness, sores on the scalp and infections.
PREPARING FOR YOUR APPOINTMENT
If you think you have gonorrhea, you’re likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. If your gonorrhea causes complications, you may be referred to specialists.

Because appointments can be brief and because there’s often a lot of ground to cover, it’s a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here’s some information to help you get ready for your appointment, as well as what to expect from your doctor.

What you can do
Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there’s anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet.
Write down any symptoms you’re experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
Make a list of all medications, as well as any vitamins or supplements, that you’re taking.
Write down questions to ask your doctor.
Your time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For gonorrhea, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:

Is gonorrhea causing my symptoms?
What kinds of tests do I need?
Should I be tested for other sexually transmitted infections?
Should my partner be tested for gonorrhea?
How long should I wait before resuming sexual activity?
How can I prevent gonorrhea in the future?
What gonorrhea complications should I be alert for?
Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you’re prescribing me?
Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?
What will determine whether I should plan for a follow-up visit?
In addition to the questions that you’ve prepared to ask your doctor, don’t hesitate to ask questions during your appointment if you have trouble understanding something the doctor says.

What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow more time later to cover other points you want to address. Your doctor may ask:

When did you begin experiencing symptoms?
Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?
How severe are your symptoms?
Have you been exposed to any sexually transmitted infections?
What you can do in the meantime
Abstain from sex until you see your doctor. Alert your sex partners that you’re experiencing signs and symptoms, so they may consider seeing their doctors for testing.

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
To determine whether the gonorrhea bacterium is present in your body, your doctor will analyze a sample of cells. Samples can be collected by:

Urine test. This may help identify bacteria in your urethra.
Swab of affected area. A swab of your throat, urethra, vagina or rectum may collect bacteria that can be identified in a laboratory.
For women, home testing kits are available for gonorrhea. Home testing kits include vaginal swabs for self-testing that are sent to a specified lab for testing. If you prefer, you can choose to be notified by email or text message when your results are ready. You may then view your results online or receive them by calling a toll-free hotline.

Testing for other sexually transmitted infections
Your doctor may recommend tests for other sexually transmitted infections. Gonorrhea increases your risk of these infections, particularly chlamydia, which often accompanies gonorrhea. Testing for HIV also is recommended for anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection. Depending on your risk factors, tests for additional sexually transmitted infections could be beneficial as well.

TREATMENTS AND DRUGS
Gonorrhea treatment in adults
Adults with gonorrhea are treated with antibiotics. Due to emerging strains of drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that uncomplicated gonorrhea be treated only with the antibiotic ceftriaxone (Rocephin) — given as an injection — in combination with either azithromycin (Zithromax, Zmax) or doxycycline (Monodox, Oracea,Vibramycin) — two antibiotics that are taken orally.

Some research indicates that oral gemifloxacin (Factive) or injectable gentamicin, combined with oral azithromycin, is highly successful in treating gonorrhea. This treatment may be helpful in treating people who are allergic to cephalosporin antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone.

Gonorrhea treatment for partners
Your partner also should undergo testing and treatment for gonorrhea, even if he or she has no signs or symptoms. Your partner receives the same treatment you do. Even if you’ve been treated for gonorrhea, you can be reinfected if your partner isn’t treated.

Gonorrhea treatment for babies
Babies born to mothers with gonorrhea receive a medication in their eyes soon after birth to prevent infection. If an eye infection develops, babies can be treated with antibiotics.

LIFESTYLE AND HOME REMEDIES
Take steps to reduce your risk of gonorrhea:

Use a condom if you choose to have sex. Abstaining from sex is the surest way to prevent gonorrhea. But if you choose to have sex, use a condom during any type of sexual contact, including anal sex, oral sex or vaginal sex.
Ask your partner to be tested for sexually transmitted infections. Find out whether your partner has been tested for sexually transmitted infections, including gonorrhea. If not, ask whether he or she would be willing to be tested.
Don’t have sex with someone who has any unusual symptoms. If your partner has signs or symptoms of a sexually transmitted infection, such as burning during urination or a genital rash or sore, don’t have sex with that person.
Consider regular gonorrhea screening if you have an increased risk. Talk to your doctor about regular gonorrhea screening if you have an increased risk of infection. You may be at increased risk of gonorrhea if you have had gonorrhea or other sexually transmitted infections in the past, if you have a new sex partner, or if you have multiple sex partners.

DEFINITION
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it’s an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It’s also your brain’s main source of fuel.

If you have diabetes, no matter what type, it means you have too much glucose in your blood, although the causes may differ. Too much glucose can lead to serious health problems.

Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions include prediabetes — when your blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes — and gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy but may resolve after the baby is delivered.
SYMPTOMS
Diabetes symptoms vary depending on how much your blood sugar is elevated. Some people, especially those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, may not experience symptoms initially. In type 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe.

Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are:

Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Extreme hunger
Unexplained weight loss
Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there’s not enough available insulin)
Fatigue
Irritability
Blurred vision
Slow-healing sores
Frequent infections, such as gums or skin infections and vaginal infections
Although type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, it typically appears during childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can develop at any age, though it’s more common in people older than 40.
Causes of type 1 diabetes
The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. What is known is that your immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria or viruses — attacks and destroys your insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This leaves you with little or no insulin. Instead of being transported into your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream.

Type 1 is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, though exactly what many of those factors are is still unclear.
Causes of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
In prediabetes — which can lead to type 2 diabetes — and in type 2 diabetes, your cells become resistant to the action of insulin, and your pancreas is unable to make enough insulin to overcome this resistance. Instead of moving into your cells where it’s needed for energy, sugar builds up in your bloodstream.

Exactly why this happens is uncertain, although it’s believed that genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Being overweight is strongly linked to the development of type 2 diabetes, but not everyone with type 2 is overweight.
Causes of gestational diabetes
During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones to sustain your pregnancy. These hormones make your cells more resistant to insulin.

Normally, your pancreas responds by producing enough extra insulin to overcome this resistance. But sometimes your pancreas can’t keep up. When this happens, too little glucose gets into your cells and too much stays in your blood, resulting in gestational diabetes.
COMPLICATIONS
Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. The longer you have diabetes — and the less controlled your blood sugar — the higher the risk of complications. Eventually, diabetes complications may be disabling or even life-threatening. Possible complications include:

Cardiovascular disease. Diabetes dramatically increases the risk of various cardiovascular problems, including coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis). If you have diabetes, you are more likely to have heart disease or stroke.
Nerve damage (neuropathy). Excess sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish your nerves, especially in your legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward. Left untreated, you could lose all sense of feeling in the affected limbs. Damage to the nerves related to digestion can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. For men, it may lead to erectile dysfunction.
Kidney damage (nephropathy). The kidneys contain millions of tiny blood vessel clusters (glomeruli) that filter waste from your blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system. Severe damage can lead to kidney failure or irreversible end-stage kidney disease, which may require dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Eye damage (retinopathy). Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy), potentially leading to blindness. Diabetes also increases the risk of other serious vision conditions, such as cataracts and glaucoma.
Foot damage. Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of various foot complications. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can develop serious infections, which often heal poorly. These infections may ultimately require toe, foot or leg amputation.
Skin conditions. Diabetes may leave you more susceptible to skin problems, including bacterial and fungal infections.
Hearing impairment. Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
Alzheimer’s disease. Type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The poorer your blood sugar control, the greater the risk appears to be. Although there are theories as to how these disorders might be connected, none has yet been proved.

Complications of gestational diabetes
Most women who have gestational diabetes deliver healthy babies. However, untreated or uncontrolled blood sugar levels can cause problems for you and your baby.

Complications in your baby can occur as a result of gestational diabetes, including:

Excess growth. Extra glucose can cross the placenta, which triggers your baby’s pancreas to make extra insulin. This can cause your baby to grow too large (macrosomia). Very large babies are more likely to require a C-section birth.
Low blood sugar. Sometimes babies of mothers with gestational diabetes develop low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) shortly after birth because their own insulin production is high. Prompt feedings and sometimes an intravenous glucose solution can return the baby’s blood sugar level to normal.
Type 2 diabetes later in life. Babies of mothers who have gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.
Death. Untreated gestational diabetes can result in a baby’s death either before or shortly after birth.
Complications in the mother can also occur as a result of gestational diabetes, including:

Preeclampsia.This condition is characterized by high blood pressure, excess protein in the urine, and swelling in the legs and feet. Preeclampsia can lead to serious or even life-threatening complications for both mother and baby.
Subsequent gestational diabetes. Once you’ve had gestational diabetes in one pregnancy, you’re more likely to have it again with the next pregnancy. You’re also more likely to develop diabetes — typically type 2 diabetes — as you get older.
TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes often appear suddenly and are often the reason for checking blood sugar levels. Because symptoms of other types of diabetes and prediabetes come on more gradually or may not be evident, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has recommended screening guidelines. The ADA recommends that the following people be screened for diabetes:

Anyone with a body mass index higher than 25, regardless of age, who has additional risk factors, such as high blood pressure, a sedentary lifestyle, a history of polycystic ovary syndrome, having delivered a baby who weighed more than 9 pounds, a history of diabetes in pregnancy, high cholesterol levels, a history of heart disease, and having a close relative with diabetes.
Anyone older than age 45 is advised to receive an initial blood sugar screening, and then, if the results are normal, to be screened every three years thereafter.
Tests for type 1 and type 2 diabetes and prediabetes
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you’ll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates that you have diabetes. An A1C between 5.7 and 6.4 percent indicates prediabetes. Below 5.7 is considered normal.
If the A1C test results aren’t consistent, the test isn’t available, or if you have certain conditions that can make the A1C test inaccurate — such as if you’re pregnant or have an uncommon form of hemoglobin (known as a hemoglobin variant) — your doctor may use the following tests to diagnose diabetes:

Random blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken at a random time. Regardless of when you last ate, a random blood sugar level of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) — 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) — or higher suggests diabetes.
Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after an overnight fast. A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it’s 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.
Oral glucose tolerance test. For this test, you fast overnight, and the fasting blood sugar level is measured. Then you drink a sugary liquid, and blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next two hours. A blood sugar level less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) is normal. A reading of more than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) after two hours indicates diabetes. A reading between 140 and 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L) indicates prediabetes.
If type 1 diabetes is suspected, your urine will be tested to look for the presence of a byproduct produced when muscle and fat tissue are used for energy when the body doesn’t have enough insulin to use the available glucose (ketones). Your doctor will also likely run a test to see if you have the destructive immune system cells associated with type 1 diabetes called autoantibodies.

Tests for gestational diabetes
Your doctor will likely evaluate your risk factors for gestational diabetes early in your pregnancy:

If you’re at high risk of gestational diabetes — for example, if you were obese at the start of your pregnancy, you had gestational diabetes during a previous pregnancy, or you have a mother, father, sibling or child with diabetes — your doctor may test for diabetes at your first prenatal visit.
If you’re at average risk of gestational diabetes, you’ll likely have a screening test for gestational diabetes sometime during your second trimester — typically between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy.
Your doctor may use the following screening tests:

Initial glucose challenge test. You’ll begin the glucose challenge test by drinking a syrupy glucose solution. One hour later, you’ll have a blood test to measure your blood sugar level. A blood sugar level below 140 mg/dL (7.2 to 7.8 mmol/L) is usually considered normal on a glucose challenge test, although this may vary at specific clinics or labs. If your blood sugar level is higher than normal, it only means you have a higher risk of gestational diabetes. Your doctor will order a follow-up test to determine if you have gestational diabetes.
Follow-up glucose tolerance testing. For the follow-up test, you’ll be asked to fast overnight and then have your fasting blood sugar level measured. Then you’ll drink another sweet solution — this one containing a higher concentration of glucose — and your blood sugar level will be checked every hour for a period of three hours. If at least two of the blood sugar readings are higher than the normal values established for each of the three hours of the test, you’ll be diagnosed with gestational diabetes.
TREATMENTS AND DRUGS
Depending on what type of diabetes you have, blood sugar monitoring, insulin and oral medications may play a role in your treatment. Eating a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight and participating in regular activity also are important factors in managing diabetes.

Treatments for all types of diabetes
An important part of managing diabetes — as well as your overall health — is maintaining a healthy weight through a healthy diet and exercise plan:

Healthy eating. Contrary to popular perception, there’s no specific diabetes diet. You’ll need to center your diet on more fruits, vegetables and whole grains — foods that are high in nutrition and fiber and low in fat and calories — and cut down on animal products, refined carbohydrates and sweets. In fact, it’s the best eating plan for the entire family. Sugary foods are OK once in a while, as long as they’re counted as part of your meal plan.

Yet understanding what and how much to eat can be a challenge. A registered dietitian can help you create a meal plan that fits your health goals, food preferences and lifestyle. This will likely include carbohydrate counting, especially if you have type 1 diabetes.

Physical activity. Everyone needs regular aerobic exercise, and people who have diabetes are no exception. Exercise lowers your blood sugar level by moving sugar into your cells, where it’s used for energy. Exercise also increases your sensitivity to insulin, which means your body needs less insulin to transport sugar to your cells. Get your doctor’s OK to exercise. Then choose activities you enjoy, such as walking, swimming or biking. What’s most important is making physical activity part of your daily routine. Aim for at least 30 minutes or more of aerobic exercise most days of the week. If you haven’t been active for a while, start slowly and build up gradually.
Treatments for type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, frequent blood sugar checks, and carbohydrate counting. Treatment of type 2 diabetes primarily involves monitoring of your blood sugar, along with diabetes medications, insulin or both.

Monitoring your blood sugar. Depending on your treatment plan, you may check and record your blood sugar as often as several times a week to as many as four to eight times a day. Careful monitoring is the only way to make sure that your blood sugar level remains within your target range. People who receive insulin therapy also may choose to monitor their blood sugar levels with a continuous glucose monitor. Although this technology doesn’t yet replace the glucose meter, it can provide important information about trends in blood sugar levels.

Even with careful management, blood sugar levels can sometimes change unpredictably. With help from your diabetes treatment team, you’ll learn how your blood sugar level changes in response to food, physical activity, medications, illness, alcohol, stress — for women, fluctuations in hormone levels.

In addition to daily blood sugar monitoring, your doctor will likely recommend regular A1C testing to measure your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. Compared with repeated daily blood sugar tests, A1C testing better indicates how well your diabetes treatment plan is working overall. An elevated A1C level may signal the need for a change in your insulin regimen or meal plan. Your target A1C goal may vary depending on your age and various other factors. However, for most people with diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends an A1C of below 7 percent. Ask your doctor what your A1C target is.

Insulin. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin therapy to survive. Many people with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes also need insulin therapy.

Many types of insulin are available, including rapid-acting insulin, long-acting insulin and intermediate options. Depending on your needs, your doctor may prescribe a mixture of insulin types to use throughout the day and night.

Insulin can’t be taken orally to lower blood sugar because stomach enzymes interfere with insulin’s action. Often insulin is injected using a fine needle and syringe or an insulin pen — a device that looks like a large ink pen.

An insulin pump may also be an option. The pump is a device about the size of a cellphone worn on the outside of your body. A tube connects the reservoir of insulin to a catheter that’s inserted under the skin of your abdomen. A tubeless pump that works wirelessly is also now available. You program an insulin pump to dispense specific amounts of insulin. It can be adjusted to deliver more or less insulin depending on meals, activity level and blood sugar level.

An emerging treatment approach, not yet available, is closed loop insulin delivery, also known as the artificial pancreas. It links a continuous glucose monitor to an insulin pump. The device automatically delivers the correct amount of insulin when the monitor indicates the need for it. There are a number of different versions of the artificial pancreas, and clinical trials have had encouraging results. More research needs to be done before a fully functional artificial pancreas can receive regulatory approval.

However, the first step toward an artificial pancreas was approved in 2013. Combining a continuous glucose monitor with an insulin pump, this system stops insulin delivery when blood sugar levels drop too low. Studies on the device found that it could prevent low blood sugar levels overnight without significantly increasing morning blood sugar levels.

Oral or other medications. Sometimes other oral or injected medications are prescribed as well. Some diabetes medications stimulate your pancreas to produce and release more insulin. Others inhibit the production and release of glucose from your liver, which means you need less insulin to transport sugar into your cells. Still others block the action of stomach or intestinal enzymes that break down carbohydrates or make your tissues more sensitive to insulin. Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others) is generally the first medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
Transplantation. In some people who have type 1 diabetes, a pancreas transplant may be an option. Islet transplants are being studied as well. With a successful pancreas transplant, you would no longer need insulin therapy. But transplants aren’t always successful — and these procedures pose serious risks. You need a lifetime of immune-suppressing drugs to prevent organ rejection. These drugs can have serious side effects, including a high risk of infection, organ injury and cancer. Because the side effects can be more dangerous than the diabetes, transplants are usually reserved for people whose diabetes can’t be controlled or those who also need a kidney transplant.
Bariatric surgery. Although it is not specifically considered a treatment for type 2 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes who also have a body mass index higher than 35 may benefit from this type of surgery. People who’ve undergone gastric bypass have seen significant improvements in their blood sugar levels. However, this procedure’s long-term risks and benefits for type 2 diabetes aren’t yet known.
Treatment for gestational diabetes
Controlling your blood sugar level is essential to keeping your baby healthy and avoiding complications during delivery. In addition to maintaining a healthy diet and exercising, your treatment plan may include monitoring your blood sugar and, in some cases, using insulin or oral medications.

Your health care provider will also monitor your blood sugar level during labor. If your blood sugar rises, your baby may release high levels of insulin — which can lead to low blood sugar right after birth.

Treatment for prediabetes
If you have prediabetes, healthy lifestyle choices can help you bring your blood sugar level back to normal or at least keep it from rising toward the levels seen in type 2 diabetes. Maintaining a healthy weight through exercise and healthy eating can help. Exercising at least 150 minutes a week and losing 5 to 10 percent of your body weight may prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

Sometimes medications — such as metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others) — also are an option if you’re at high risk of diabetes, including when your prediabetes is worsening or if you have cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease or polycystic ovary syndrome.

In other cases, medications to control cholesterol — statins, in particular — and high blood pressure medications are needed. Your doctor might prescribe low-dose aspirin therapy to help prevent cardiovascular disease if you’re at high risk. Healthy lifestyle choices remain key, however.

Signs of trouble in any type of diabetes
Because so many factors can affect your blood sugar, problems may sometimes arise that require immediate care, such as:

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Your blood sugar level can rise for many reasons, including eating too much, being sick or not taking enough glucose-lowering medication. Check your blood sugar level as directed by your doctor, and watch for signs and symptoms of high blood sugar — frequent urination, increased thirst, dry mouth, blurred vision, fatigue and nausea. If you have hyperglycemia, you’ll need to adjust your meal plan, medications or both.
Increased ketones in your urine (diabetic ketoacidosis). If your cells are starved for energy, your body may begin to break down fat. This produces toxic acids known as ketones. Watch for loss of appetite, weakness, vomiting, fever, stomach pain and a sweet, fruity breath. You can check your urine for excess ketones with an over-the-counter ketones test kit. If you have excess ketones in your urine, consult your doctor right away or seek emergency care. This condition is more common in people with type 1 diabetes.
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome. Signs and symptoms of this life-threatening condition include a blood sugar reading over 600 mg/dL (33.3 mmol/L), dry mouth, extreme thirst, fever, drowsiness, confusion, vision loss and hallucinations. Hyperosmolar syndrome is caused by sky-high blood sugar that turns blood thick and syrupy. It tends to be more common in people with type 2 diabetes, and it’s often preceded by an illness. Call your doctor or seek immediate medical care if you have signs or symptoms of this condition.
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). If your blood sugar level drops below your target range, it’s known as low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Your blood sugar level can drop for many reasons, including skipping a meal and getting more physical activity than normal. However, low blood sugar is most likely if you take glucose-lowering medications that promote the secretion of insulin by your pancreas or if you’re receiving insulin therapy. Check your blood sugar level regularly, and watch for signs and symptoms of low blood sugar — sweating, shakiness, weakness, hunger, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, heart palpitations, irritability, slurred speech, drowsiness, confusion, fainting and seizures. Low blood sugar is treated with quickly absorbed carbohydrates, such as fruit juice or glucose tablets.
LIFESTYLE AND HOME REMEDIES
Type 1 diabetes can’t be prevented. However, the same healthy lifestyle choices that help treat prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes can also help prevent them:

Eat healthy foods. Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to prevent boredom.
Get more physical activity. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate physical activity a day. Take a brisk daily walk. Ride your bike. Swim laps. If you can’t fit in a long workout, break it up into smaller sessions spread throughout the day.
Lose excess pounds. If you’re overweight, losing even 7 percent of your body weight — for example, 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) if you weigh 200 pounds (90.9 kilograms) — can reduce the risk of diabetes. To keep your weight in a healthy range, focus on permanent changes to your eating and exercise habits. Motivate yourself by remembering the benefits of losing weight, such as a healthier heart, more energy and improved self-esteem.
Sometimes medication is an option as well. Oral diabetes drugs such as metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others) may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes — but healthy lifestyle choices remain essential.

Have your blood sugar checked at least once a year to check that you haven’t developed type 2 diabetes.

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
Numerous substances have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in some studies, while other studies fail to find any benefit for blood sugar control or in lowering A1C levels. Because of the conflicting findings, there aren’t any alternative therapies that are currently recommended to help with blood sugar management.

If you decide to try an alternative therapy, don’t stop taking the medications that your doctor has prescribed. Be sure to discuss the use of any of these therapies with your doctor to make sure that they won’t cause adverse reactions or interact with your current therapy.

Additionally, there are no treatments — alternative or conventional — that can cure diabetes, so it’s critical that people who are receiving insulin therapy for diabetes don’t stop using insulin unless directed to do so by their physicians.

COPING AND SUPPORT
Living with diabetes can be difficult and frustrating. Sometimes, even when you’ve done everything right, your blood sugar levels may rise. But stick with your diabetes management plan, and you’ll likely see a positive difference in your A1C when you visit your doctor.

Because good diabetes management can be time-consuming, and sometimes overwhelming, some people find it helps to talk to someone. Your doctor can probably recommend a mental health professional for you to speak with, or you may want to try a support group. Sharing your frustrations and your triumphs with people who understand what you’re going through can be very helpful. And you may find that others have great tips to share about diabetes management.

  TRACHOMA: - Any person with red stickly eyes who complaints of pain and itchiness of the eyes.
    Is a chronic infection of the cunjunctiva and cornea caused by bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis.

             SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Itching, Pain in the eyes, Conjunctivitis, Fever, Cornitis, Sensation of the eyes, Thick discharge of the eyes, Blindness.

            CAUSATIVE AGENT

Chlamydia trachomatis ( Serotype A, B, and C

           TRANSMISSION

Direct contact,Indirect contact e.g Infected hands, Towels and Flies.

 INCUBATION PERIOD
     4--12 days.

           RESERVOIR
                 Man

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

1. Environmental Sanitation
2. Personal Hygiene
3. Treatment of an infected person
4. Avoidance sharing of personal effects
5. Health education

A painful chancre originating as a papule and then evolving into a nodule at the primary fly bite site, ( Early stage ).
Cachexia, somnolence and central nervous system signs.

 It is a disease caused by protozoan trypanosoma sp. which caused sleeping sickness.

        SIGNs  AND  SYMPTOMs
  Fever, headache, insomnia, anaemia, rashes, local oedema,
  Enlargement of the lymph nodes,
  Painless lymphadenopathy,
  Hydrocele

              TRANSMISSION
 By the bite of an infected tsetse fly.

         CAUSATIVE  AGENT
 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense,
 Trypanosoma brucei Rhodesiense.

          INCUBATION  PERIOD
3 days ---- 3 weeks but may be about 6 years.

                  RESERVOIR
               B Man ( human)

     PREVENTION  AND CONTROL

1. Use of insecticide,
2. Treatment of an infected person,
3. Use of skin protector,
4. Use of treating net
5. Health education